殘奧會運動員如何分級？盲人選手怎么踢球？

東京殘奧會正在如火如荼地進行，本屆殘奧會共分22個大項，539個小項，共有來自約160個國家和地區(qū)的4400名運動員參賽。

為保證比賽盡可能公平、公正和安全，國際殘奧委會對參賽選手的殘疾情況和運動能力進行評級，根據(jù)具體參賽項目的要求將殘疾程度、運動能力差不多的選手分在一起進行比賽。

2020東京殘奧會輪椅擊劍項目比賽現(xiàn)場。圖源：路透社

Eligible impairments

符合殘疾標準

The first component of the Paralympic classification is identifying the eligible impairments.In order to participate in the Paralympic Games, Para athletes must have at least one of the following ten impairments as outlined by the International Paralympic Committee:

殘奧會運動員分級的第一個要求是符合殘疾標準。參加殘奧會的殘疾人運動員必須至少有國際殘奧委員會規(guī)定的以下十種殘障之一：

Impaired muscle power肌力受損

Impaired passive range of movement

被動活動范圍受損

（注：物理醫(yī)學(xué)與康復(fù)名詞，由外力使關(guān)節(jié)活動時所通過的運動?。?/p>

Limb deficiency肢體殘缺

Leg length difference雙下肢不等長

Short stature矮小癥

Hypertonia (excessive muscle tone in arms or legs that lead to difficulty in movement)張力過強（手臂或腿部肌肉張力過大，導(dǎo)致運動困難）

Ataxia (a disorder of the nervous system affecting coordination, balance and speech)共濟失調(diào)（一種影響協(xié)調(diào)、平衡和語言功能的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)紊亂）

Athetosis (movement dysfunction such as involuntary writhing of the limbs)手足徐動癥（運動功能障礙，如四肢不自主扭動）

Vision impairment視力障礙

Intellectual impairment智力障礙

Some events, like the football 5-a-side or goalball, are only open to athletes who have a vision impairment. Other sports like swimming are open to athletes with any of the 10 impairments.部分項目，如殘奧會5人制足球或門球只允許視力障礙運動員參加。游泳等其他運動項目允許符合上述10種殘疾狀況中任意一種的運動員參加。

【殘奧小百科】

殘奧會5人制足球（football 5-a-side）比賽是以攻破對方球門得分為目的而進行的同場攻守對抗項目。每隊由5名場上隊員和5名替補隊員組成，其中包括守門員和替補守門員各1名。除守門員外，其他隊員都為盲人。只有守門員可以在規(guī)定的區(qū)域內(nèi)用手觸球。比賽中，進攻方目標是把球踢進對方球門得分，而防守方則是盡力阻止對方得分。比賽用球由皮革或特殊的合成材料制成，它有一個內(nèi)部發(fā)聲設(shè)備，能讓運動員聽見它的運動。

盲人門球（goalball）比賽在兩隊之間進行，每隊由3名球員和最多不超過3名的替補隊員組成。運動員比賽都要戴上眼罩。比賽在體育館內(nèi)光滑的地板上舉行，使用帶有響鈴的球，雙方要把球滾過對方的球門線。如果對手阻止了進攻，就進行攻防轉(zhuǎn)換。

2020東京殘奧會盲人門球比賽現(xiàn)場。圖源：路透社

Sport classes

體育項目分級

The second component of classification is determining how much an impairment affects the performance of each athlete.Because the severity of these conditions vary from person to person, this secondary classification system is used so that athletes will be grouped with competitors who have similar degrees of impairment, thus minimizing unfair disadvantages.

殘奧會運動員分級的第二個標準是確定一種身體障礙對運動員的表現(xiàn)有多大影響。由于這些殘疾情況的嚴重程度因人而異，因此殘奧會采用了這種二級分類系統(tǒng)，以便將具有相近殘障程度的運動員歸為一組，從而最大限度地保證公平。

Visually impaired athletes, for instance, are divided into three different classes (B1, B2 or B3) based on the clarity of their vision and degree of light perception. Football 5-a-side is limited to athletes who meet the criteria of the B1 sport class, where they have a very low level of clarity and/or no light perception. Goalball, on the other hand, is open to visually impaired athletes of all three classes, but requires all players to wear eye shades when competing.例如，視障運動員根據(jù)其視力的清晰度和光感程度被分為三個不同的等級（B1、B2或B3）。5人制足球僅限滿足B1級別標準的運動員參賽。B1級別運動員的視力清晰度非常低，且/或無光感。而門球?qū)λ腥齻€級別的視障運動員開放，但要求所有運動員在比賽時戴上眼罩。

Other sports like athletics, which are open to athletes with any of the ten impairments, will feature even more classes to include athletes from every category as well as different degrees of impairment. Each of the classes under every category will have its own medal event.其他體育項目，如田徑項目面向有上述10種殘疾的運動員，將分為更多小項，從而將各種殘疾以及殘障程度不同的運動員包含在內(nèi)。各項目類別下的每個級別小項都設(shè)有獎牌。

In some respects, these sport classes can be likened to the weight classes in boxing and judo at the Olympic Games. Just like different weight categories help determine level of fairness in tournaments, the sport classes ensure that the athletes' strength and tactical ability, rather than their physical characteristics, are highlighted during the competition.在某些方面，殘奧會體育項目分級與奧運會拳擊和柔道的重量分級類似。正如劃分不同重量級別有助于確保比賽公平一樣，體育項目分級確保在比賽中突出運動員的技術(shù)和戰(zhàn)術(shù)，而不是他們的身體條件。

Through this system, the Paralympics can maximize the number of participants, break down barriers and award recognition to athletes based on their extraordinary levels of skill, endurance and mental focus.通過這個系統(tǒng)，可以最大限度地讓更多運動員參加殘奧會，打破壁壘，并根據(jù)運動員非凡的技術(shù)水平、耐力和精神專注度給予他們認可。